The strategic international human resource management Essay Example for Free

The strategic international human resource management Essay In order to explore the role of strategic international Human Resource management in making multi-national organisations competitive, this assignment reflects the strategic international human resource management issues that the branch of the Vietnamese Pha Lai glass company has to face through human resource process: (Polycentric approach). Some introduction about Pha Lai glass manufactory Some introduction about Laos and PEST analysis Issues relating to Human resource process in Laos: + Forecasting labour demand and supply + Recruitment + Selection and placement + Training + Appraisal performance + Remuneration and benefit + Compensation + Occupational health and safety Issues relating to Vietnam expatriate managers : + Cross-culture suitability (Geert Hofstede (1984) in cross culture study) + Family requirement + Language + Host environment in Laos Some best examples for other Vietnamese organisations have success in operations in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Introduction: In the new background, as Vietnam became an official member of international organisations such as Asean, Apec, Afta and along with the integration trend of Vietnamese economy into the Asean economy and the world economy, the business environment will be opened up with a lot of new factors, more opportunities accompany by more challenges. Therefore, competition becomes fiercer and fiercer. This situation requires Vietnamese enterprises have to a more long-term prospect as well as more effectiveness about their development. Engaging in international operations is one of the most suitable strategies that many Vietnamese organisations choose for their existence and development. The Pha Lai Glass company is one of the typical examples for that. The company has successful performed in the domestic market over the past five years, and now it is in the early stages of a feasibility study for expanding its manufacturing capacity, and as part of the strategic plan is considering establishing a plant in a foreign country, Laos, which is the neighbour country of Vietnam. The branch will be located in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Some introduction about the Pha Lai Glass factory Pha Lai glass factory, one of Vietnamese famous manufactory, is in the early stages of a feasibility study for expanding its manufacturing capacity in a foreign country after success over the past five years. The factory is located on Pha Lai Town, Chi Linh District, Hai Hung province in Vietnam. The products of the manufactory include glass products. The initial capital is 6753 million Vietnam dongs; total revenue now is 9758 million Vietnam dongs. The total manufactorys labour is 587 people. Some introduction about Laos Lao is bordered to the north by the Peoples Republic of China (505 kilometers), to the south by Cambodia (435 kilometers), to the east by Vietnam (2,069 kilometers), to the northwest by Myanmar (236 kilometers), and to the west by Thailand (1,835 kilometers). Laos has a total area of 236,800 square kilometres, stretching a distance of approximately 1,000 kilometers form north to south. The Lao political system is run as a peoples democracy with the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party at its head. The nations political policy can be simply stated as a democratic government empowered by the people to work for the people. The total population of the country is approximately 6 million people. Of the total number, 2965300 are male and 3034700 female. (Source: http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm) PEST analysis An analysis of the new environment is important because it increases in the quality of the operation of the manufactorys branch in Laos by considering a range of relevant features well before making a suitable strategic decision. It is necessary to identify the threats that the branch have to face as well as the opportunities it can be get in the Laos invest environment by applying PEST analysis. Political/legal The Laos Government allows a great deal of flexibility, particularly welcomes foreign investors who wish to operate business in Laos. Laos is perfectly prepared for every type of investment, it is ready for development and, by its membership of ASEAN in July 1997, and it intends to participate with other countries in the development of the region to keep pace with the changing world. The branchs property and investments in Laos shall be protected by the laws and regulations of the Lao PDR. Such property and investment may not be requisitioned, confiscated or nationalized except for a public purpose and upon payment of prompt, adequate and effective compensation. Economic The countrys trading policy has varied from to period according to economic policy. Trade occurred with other socialist countries, that is, Viet Nam, Cambodia and the Soviet Union. Public enterprises began to play a role in foreign trade. With the advent of the policy of New Thinking, the nations economic development has steadily been liberalized and is moving towards a market economy. Due to the natural expansion of the economy, Lao achieved a high growth rate. Laos opened its doors to foreign investors, total investments from both the local and foreign investors was nearly US$ 8 million for total 636 projects. Socio-cultural Population and labour force According to Laoss statistics, the population of Laos is nearly 6 million in which the labour force represents 48% (approximately 2800000 people) of the total population of the country. That is considerable labour force for the development of the branchs human resource. The employment rate was slightly higher for male than for female, 52% and 48% respectively. The labour force is aged 10 years and above. It is an important issue that the branch must to be interest first because that is too young labour force. Health Life expectancy rate is appreciated about 51 years. Education and Literacy About 72% of men and 53% of women have access to education in Laos. Educational quantity has been increased. This advantage will lead the branch have a suitable human resource plan. Technological Economic development in Laos is aimed mainly at the development of its infrastructure. Another focus is on such unique opportunities as being an electricity-exporting centre for neighboring country, particularly Thailand and Vietnam. Thus, technological applications to help in the development of the country current tend to learn towards those areas of knowledge and management rather than more varied and complicated machinery. (Source: http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm) After fulfilling PEST analysis in order to assess the investment opportunities in Laos, it is recognized obviously that this is potential investment environment for Pha Lai glass factory expanding the branch in this fully potential neighbour country. The Functional Organisation for the manufacturing branch in Laos includes as follows: One President One Vice President of Production One Vice President of Marketing One Vice President of Human Resources One Vice President of Finance Polycentric approach for the organisation structure The Organisation structure for the branch in Laos is applied the polycentric approach. It means: The President is from the PCNs, Vietnam. The Vice President of Production and the Vice President of Finance are also from Vietnam in order to assure that operations are supervised under PCNs policy. The Vice President of Marketing and Human Resource are HCNs (Laoss) because they are local people in Laos so they understand deeply about politics, economy, socio-culture and technology environment in Laos, they will achieve their mission better. 585 Laos employees (99% of total labour force of the branch). A polycentric staffing policy is one in which HCNs are recruited to manage subsidiaries in their own country and PCNs occupy positions at corporate headquarters (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). The branch does not recruit from TCNs. As a role of the president of the branchs operations in Laos, the International Human resource management model will be applied by Ralobbins and Coulters model (2003), p 283. Part 1: Issues to Vietnamese expatriate managers in Laos Selecting Managers The advantages and Disadvantages of using Parent-country Nationals Advantages * Organizational control and coordination is maintained and facilitated * Promising managers are given international experience * Vietnamese managers may be the best people for the job because of special skills and experiences. * There is assurance that subsidiary will comply with company objectives, policies, and so on Disadvantages * The promotional opportunities of Laos staff are limited * Adaptation to Laos staff may take a long time * Vietnamese managers may impose an inappropriate HQ style * Compensation for Vietnamese and Laos managers may differ Cross-culture Suitability According to Geert Hofstede (1984) in cross cultural study, there are four kinds of culture as follows: Power distance (PD) is the extent to which an unequal distribution of power is accepted by members of a society. Uncertainty avoidance (UA) is how much members of a society are threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations. Individualism collectivism (I) is the tendency to take care of oneself and ones family versus the tendency to work together for the collective good. Masculinity-femininity (M) is the extent to which highly assertive masculine values predominate (acquisition of money at the expense of others) versus showing sensitivity and concern for others welfare. (source: Geert Hofstede (1984) cross cultural study) The cultural environment in which Vietnamese managers operate is an important factor in determining successful performance. Laos has some features of the uncertainty-avoidance culture that will be convenient for Vietnamese managers in Laos. Because Laos has a good traditional culture for long-time ago, and up to now, it is still kept and developed more brilliantly. A good cultural environment will assist Vietnamese managers avoid the culture sock as well as stress at work. Family Requirements The contribution that the family, particular the spouse, makes to the success of the international assignment is now well-documented. However, there are other issues that the planners needs to concern due to a spouse or partners difficulties with adapting to life in Laos as well as covering all of the Vietnamese expatriate familys living cost. Language The ability to speak a second language is an aspect often linked with crosscultural ability (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). Language skills may be regarded as of critical importance for managerial positions. Tung (1986) suggested knowledge of the host-countrys language is an important aspect of expatriate performance, regardless of the level of position. Differences in language are recognised as a major barrier to effective crosscultural communication. Thus, Vietnamese expatriate managers must be good speaking Laoss language people in order to perform operations of the branch effectively. Host Environment The environment in Laos also has an impact on Vietnamese expatriatess operation capability. According to Gregresen et all, nd, the international context with its differing societal, legal, economic, technical, and physical demands can be a major determinant of expatriate performance. However, the environment in Laos is likely to have positive impact on Vietnamese expatriate because Laos and Vietnam have had a good relationship for long time ago as well as have a certain neighbourhood. Part 2: issues relate to Laos human resource staff. The Human resource management process includes following steps: Step 1: Human resource planning Step 2: Recruitment Step 3: Selection and placement (identification, selection, and placement of competent employees) Step 4: Training Step 5: Performance appraisal Step 6: Remuneration and benefits Step 7: Compensation Step 8: Occupational health and safety Human resource planning After PEST analysis in the new investment environment, the branch needs to have an appropriate Human resource planning. Human resource planning includes forecasts of labour demand, forecasts of labour supply, forecasts of labour surplus or shortage, goal setting and strategic planning. The main advantages of a polycentric policy identified above, are: + Employing Laoss staff eliminates language barriers, avoids the adjustment problems of Vietnamese managers and their families, and removes the need for expensive cultural awareness training programs. + Employment of Laos allows the branch to take a lower profile in sensitive political situations. + Employment of Laos is less expensive than that of Vietnam, even if a premium is paid to attract high-quality applicants. + Employing Laoss employees gives continuity to the management of the branchs operation in Laos. This approach avoids the turnover of key managers that, by its very nature, results from an ethnocentric approach. Forecasting, on both the supply and demand sides were used by judgemental method. Forecasts of labour demand: Total labour force in the Pha Lai glass company is 587. So the labour demand at Vientiane will be similar to 587 including one Vietnamese President, two Vietnamese vice presidents of Production and Finance; two local vice directors of Marketing and Humance Resource and 582 local human resource employees. Forecasts of labour supply: The labour force in Laos is about 2800000 people that the percentage of men and women are 52% and 48%, respectively. Particularly Laos has the young labour force from 10 and above. This is an abundant, strong labour supply force for the project. Determining labour surplus or shortage: According to two forecasts of labour demand and supply, the labour force is surplus and this issue is determined, the branch can determine the next issue for potential problems. Goal setting and strategic planning The second step in human resource planning is goal setting and strategic planning. The goal directly comes from the analysis of labour supply and demand The labour force can be appreciated satisfactorily for the current and future of the branchs operation targets. Recruitment Recruitment is a complex process, generally defined as searching for, and obtaining, potential job candidates in sufficient numbers and quality, and at the right cost, for the branch to select the most appropriate people to fills its jobs. The questions for recruitment process will be as follows: + How many people does the branch need? + Where can the branch recruit? + Who are sufficient for jobs? For these issues, the responses will be: According to determining labour demand, the branch needs 582 workers within sufficient skills, competence and knowledge for it targets and goals. * Methods for recruitment can be either internal methods such as posting skills, inventory or external methods such as radio, television, newspaper, trade journals, computerised services and so on. * Sources for recruitment can be external sources such as referrals, walk-ins, agencies, schools, CES, trade unions. Selection and placement Selection is the process of gathering legally defensible information about job applicants in order to determine who should be hired for long or short-term positions. Interviews and test are applied for selection process. This includes questions about the following: * Age, sex, religion and national origin * Number of children and who will care for them * Height and weight, unless job related * Marital status * Conviction record unless strongly related to job * Credit status * Relatives and friends working for the employer. At the end of selection, every potential candidate is identified and placed their appropriate positions. Training Only by examining the skills and competence for a job (as defined in manufacturing glass, for example), managers can identify training requirements and select the training programs that be based on job-related criteria (Holton and Bailey 1995; Hong and Lin 1995; Piskurich 1994). Required skills and competence will be transferred from Vietnamese major manufactory to Laoss staff in order to adapt business operation requirement in Laos. Performance appraisal Although Laos employees may learn about how well they are performing through informal means, such as co-workers telling them what a great job they are doing or their supervisors giving them an occasional pat on the back. Performance appraisal will be defined here as a formal, structured system of measuring, evaluating and influencing an employees job-related attributes, behaviours and outcomes to discover at what level she or he is going to perform in his or her job: That is, how productive he or she is and whether he or she can perform more effectively in the future. It is a dynamic and multidimensional process (Latham and Wexley 1981; Carroll and Schneier 1982). Remuneration and benefits Another important issue is to motivate employees and the way which is used to motivate employees to perform more effectively is based on distribution salaries and benefits. For the growth and development of the branch, Laos employees need to express satisfaction with their salary and benefits. Compensation All Laos employees in the branch must be covered by workers compensation insurance by compensation policies of the branch. The insurance provides a scale of benefits for employees who are injured at work or who incur a work-related illness. The aim of the legislation is to maintain employees income and employment benefits for the period that the employees is unable to perform his or her usual work Occupational health and safety One of important issue is occupational health and safety for labours force. If the branch can reduce the rates and severity of its occupational accidents, diseases, and work-related stress levels and improve the quality of work life for its employees, it can become more effective. Line directors must have a large responsibility in ensuring that program intervention is implemented, demonstrated to Laoss workers that occupational health and safety objectives are supported at all levels. Conclusion The ability to manage Human resources on an international basis is one of the first important issues that any manufactory must assess before expanding its operations abroad. With fully detailed analysis about the opportunities as well as the challenges that the branch will have to face in Laos, I, as a role of the Human resource manager in the factory, believe that applying International human resource management strategy above can help the branch of Pha Lai glass factory have many prospects for further sustainable development in Laos as well as in other countries in the future. Current examples of best practices suitable to the company There are many Vietnamese enterprise have operations successfully in Laos, some examples below are the most obviously detailed evidences that are realistic and feasible to illustrate. Dien Quang Lamp Company had already set up a distributorship and agency in Vientiane. Now it was looking to expand. Dien Quang products are exported to 18 countries all over the world, including in Asia and the Middle East. In 2002, we aimed at breaking into the Lao market and this year, we had an advertising plan to take our trade name to Lao consumers Mr Phan Ngoc Huy, Assistant General Director of Dien Quang Lamp Company said. Mr Dam Van Hong, from the Sales and Marketing Department of Saigon Plastic Company said the company was planning to build a factory in Laos. Our factory will be located at Km 7 and will be 4,000 sq m in Area. The Vietnam trade representative office in Laos said almost all the Vietnamese business that joined the That Luang Trade Fair on this occasion met their targets to penetrate the local market, to find partners to establish agencies or become distributors and to introduce high quality products to the Laos consumer. (Source: http://www.mot.gov.vn/Laowebsite/News.asp?id=65kind=1) References Books 1. Dowling Peter J, Welch Denice, Schuler Randall S, P 1999, International Human Resource Management Managing People in a Multinational Context, third edition. 2. Brewster Chris and Harris Hilary, P. 2000, International Human Resource Management Contemporary issues in Europe, second edition. 3. Kramar Robin, Mcgraw Peter and Schuler Randall, P. 1998, Human resource Management in Australia, third edition. 4. Sisson Keith and Storey Storey, P. 2001, The realities of Human resource Management Managing the Employment Relationship. 5. Geert Hofstede, P. 1984, Cross Cultural Study 116000 employees 40 countries. 6. Stoner James A.F, R. Edward Freeman, Gilbert Daniel R, Jr, P. 2000, Management, sixth edition. Webs 1. http://www.thuonghieuviet.com.vn/index 2. http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm 3. http://www.hanover.park.org/Thailand/MoreAboutAisa/vninfo/companies/cty2451.html 4. http://www.mot.gov.vn/Laowebsite/News.asp?id=65kind=1 Bibliography Books 1. Dowling Peter J, Welch Denice E and Schuler Randall S, P. 1999, International Human Resource Management Management People in a Multinational Context, third edition. 2. Sisson Keith, Storey John, P. 2001, The realities of Human Resource Management Managing the Employment Relationship, second edition. 3. Brewster Chris and Harris Hilary, P. 2000, International Human Resource Management Contemporary issues in Europe. 4. Lewis Pamela S, Goodman Stephen H and Fandt Patricia M, P. 2001, Management: Challenges in the 21st century, third edition. 5. Kramar Robin, Graw Peter Mc and Schuler Randall S, P. 1998, Human Resource Management in Australia. 6. Robbins Stephen P and Coulter Mary, P. 2004, Management, eighth edition, Pearson, Prentice Hall. 7. Geert Hofstede, P. 1984, Cross Cultural Study 116000 employees 40 countries. 8. Stoner James A.F, R. Edward Freeman, Gilbert Daniel R, Jr, P. 2000, Management, sixth edition. Webs 1. http://www.handover.park.org/Thailand/MoreAboutAsia/vninfo/companies/cty2451.html 2. http://www.drc.com.vn/index.php 3. http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm 4. http://www.thuonghieuviet.com.vn/index 5. http://www.bitis_vn.com/ 6. http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~jnichols/clas-618.htm 7. http://www.mot.gov.vn/Laowebsite/News.asp?id=65kind=1 8. http://www.ilir.uiuc.edu/courses/Non-current/lir490b/Lectures/6_IntroToCulture/Sld010.htm

The Outsiders :: essays research papers

The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton Published 1967 Published by: Puffin Books Genre: fiction The book The Outsiders is the realistic story about this between two very different groups in a town in the United States: the poor Greasers from the east side, and the Socs, whitch is what the greasers call the socials, the richer boys from the other side of the town. Ponyboy Curtis is the narrator of the story, a 14-year-old boy who lives with his two older brothers, Darry and Soda. He is a pretty good athlete and student, but is not treated the same as the richer students at his school. Ponyboy uses to have long hair that he greases back, a symbol of being in the outsider gang. He is unhappy with his situation, because Darry is too protective of him and he always has to be afraid of Socs attacking him. One night Pony and his best friend Johnny are attacked by a group of drunken Socs. When one of the Socs tries to drown Pony, he goes unconscious and when he wakes up, he sees that Johnny has killed one of the Socs. The two boys decide to go to their friend Dally; he gives them money and directions to a church in the country. There they hide out for a long week, and after it Dally comes to find them. After eating, they return to the church and see that it has caught fire. A group of children are stuck in the burning building. Pony and Johnny do not hesitate and jump in to save the children, Pony gets out ok but Johnny is hit with a piece of falling wood and serious burnt. The boys appear in the news as heroes, even though they are still wanted for murdering the Soc. Pony is fine, but Johnny is badly hurt. After a while, there is a big fight between the Greasers and the Socs. The Greasers win, but when Dally and Pony go to tell Johnny that they won, he dies during their visit. Dally is destroyed by this and later he calls Pony to tell him that he robbed a store and is being chased by the cops. They hurry to meet him, and see him shot down after he pulls a gun on the police. Pony is scared by what has happened, and convinces himself that he, not Johnny, killed the Soc.

The Reflections On Observations Carried Out Education Essay

Joe is a 13 old ages old pupil. During the Primary school, his behavioral and learning troubles and his academic advancement were the instructor and parents chief concern. He was unable to concentrate and finish his work and was holding jobs to maintain up with the course of study. The Education Psychologist assessed him with terrible dyslexia when he was 8 old ages old. It was noted that although attending troubles were impacting significantly his literacy undertakings, his literacy troubles were more declarative of deficient exposure to reading and spelling regulations. Furthermore, it was reported that Joe has terrible dyslexia, which was impeding his advancement at school. At the Child Guidance Clinic he was besides assessed with oppositional noncompliant upset. Joe manifests low ego regard and assurance in the manner he behaves. He often mentions that he is non good for anything and when person praises him, he does non believe it. He has troubles in authorship and reading, even though he has an astonishing spoken vocabulary and fertile imaginativeness. Joe receives the support of a shared acquisition support helper which has to back up three other pupils.Introductionâ€Å" For a dyslexic who does non yet know they are dyslexic, life is a large high wall you ne'er think you will be able to mount or acquire over. The minute you understand there is something called dyslexia, and there are ways of acquiring around the job, the whole universe opens up † ( Successful Peoples with Dyslexia – Jackie Stewart, international race auto driver ) . The universe we live in today is full of print so it is really easy to understand why both spoken and written linguistic communication is so of import and necessary in human communicating. Besides at school we are still depending excessively much on literacy. One can easy understand the concern of both parents and pedagogues when they notice the first marks of specific larning jobs such as dyslexia, when a pupil despite of equal intelligence and educational chances is still non doing the coveted advancement in countries of larning which involve literacy but at the same clip he is making highly good in topics which do non affect reading and authorship. â€Å" All right, † I told myself, â€Å" you may non be the brightest male child in the school, but you know every bit much about autos as any of your friends. You may hold to work a spot harder, do things in a somewhat different manner. You may hold to pay excess attending to detail, but you can make it. † ( The Telegraph 2007 – Jackie Stewart, international race auto driver ) . Normally when we hear about the word dyslexia, we associate it with reading, composing, spelling and Maths jobs but that is merely one face of the learning disablement. Harmonizing to Ronald D. Davis, an writer who he himself has dyslexia, there is the positive side of Dyslexia. He mentions several famous persons with dyslexia and insists that these people are masterminds because they have dyslexia. Davis references eight basic abilities which harmonizing to him all dyslexics portion. These eight abilities harmonizing to Davis if non suppressed, invalidated or destroyed by defenders or instructors, will ensue in two features: higher than normal intelligence and extraordinary originative abilities. ( Davis, 1997 ) .Contemplations on observations carried outParents should be a valued beginning of assessmentA When I was given the blessing to detect Joe, I was advised that unluckily due to familiar jobs it would non be wise to detect him in out of school environment. At the same clip I was informed that alternatively I could repair an assignment with his female parent at school. As I know that parents are an first-class resource of information, I did n't waver to repair this meeting. â€Å" Parents are an priceless portion of the instruction squad and if they are non to the full included both the school and the student will be disadvantaged. † ( Grech Louisa & A ; Philip cited on Azzopardi A. , 2010:52 ) . I learned that Joe is really originative at place, particularly in place decorating jobs. His female parent besides informed me that she herself has dyslexia and so she could sympathize with his defeat when he has to read and compose and when he experiences reluctance to go to school due to feelings of failure. She still remembers what she had to travel through back in clip, when there was less awareness about larning disablements. This shows that when a household member is sing a learning disablement all the household is affected frequently in a negative manner ( Dyson, 1996 ) . The term ‘specific larning disablement ‘ means a â€Å" upset in one or more of the basic psychological procedures involved in understanding or in utilizing linguistic communication, spoken or written, which disorder may attest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, believe, talk, read, compose, spell or make mathematical computations † ( IDEA 2004 ) ( as cited in Falzon class notes 2013 ) . Troubles in literature Spelling I observed that spelling is one of the activities which pose most challenges for Joe. Spelling errors could be noticed even in short words and across both linguistic communications. He was observed utilizing phonemic spelling for non phonemic words. Joe experiences troubles with disorderly spelling. As he can non trust on his ocular memory to assist him, he attempts to spell words in a manner in which although all right letters are at that place, they are written in the incorrect order. â€Å" Disorderly spellings ‘ show that the kid is sing trouble with ocular memory † ( Dyslexia Teacher ) . I ‘ve frequently observed that Joe becomes really defeated when he hands over his assignments to his instructor or LSA as when they look into his work he ever has many errors. It would assist if pedagogues adopt certain schemes when rectifying. Correction should be done discretely and off from equals. Red ink should be avoided and merely one type of error should be corrected at a clip so the pupil will non experience abashed. Using the phoneme count game during rectification can assist Joe. In this activity, Joe listens carefully to the sounds and counts them out and besides cleavage. He so tries to compose these words either on a laminated sheet or else he uses sandpaper letters. In this manner he can run his fingers over the letters and feels them. The most of import thing is to reenforce on a regular basis the words learned. Reading Joe besides experiences reading troubles, in fact Dyslexia is a specific trouble that is known to affects reading and spelling. â€Å" Dyslexia is characterised by troubles in treating word-sounds and by failings in short term verbal memory ; its effects may be seen in spoken linguistic communication every bit good as written linguistic communication † ( Dyslexia Action, once Dyslexia institute 2007 ( as cited in Falzon class notes 2013 ) . Fortunately during my observations, he was ne'er asked to read in public but I ‘ve had the chance to listen while he was reading to the LSA. Joe reads really easy and when he tries to read faster he makes a batch of errors. I besides observed that Joe makes up the narrative utilizing illustrations or his imaginativeness. This has little or no relation whatsoever to the text which he is reading. He besides adds words which do non demo in the text. Joe can sound out parts of words but can non synthesise all the sounds into the whole word. His phonological accomplishments are non yet to the full developed and so he finds it hard to organize the sounds within words or to recognize syllables within a word. Joe experiences cleavage troubles and needs a batch of support to retrieve the order of sounds in a peculiar word. Joe should ne'er be asked to read aloud to his equals. If he is willing to make so passage for reading should be given beforehand and text and founts be adapted harmonizing to his penchants. Besides coloring material of paper may cut down reading troubles ( Irien 2005 ) ( as cited on Azzopardi, 2010, pg100 ) . Writing Many pupils with larning disablements who have reading troubles besides may hold problem composing ( Walker, Shippen, Alberto, Houchins, & A ; Cihak, 2005 as cited in Salend, 2008, p.68 ) . While he is composing I observed that he reverses letters like â€Å" vitamin D † and â€Å" B † and â€Å" Q † and â€Å" P † . Joe takes really long to compose as he keeps spelling each and every word while he is composing. Besides he has troubles to bring forth thoughts and organize these thoughts into meaningful sentences. Besides while he writes his vocabulary is instead restricted. â€Å" An scrutiny of their authorship may uncover jobs in the countries of thought coevals, text administration, sentence construction, vocabulary use, spelling and Grammar. These composing troubles can impact their public presentation across the course of study † ( Salend, 2008 ) . For written assignments, Joe should be given excess clip and be praised for his creativeness. Besides computing machines, word-processors and spell-checks are really of import. For a pupil like Joe who has issues with his script and his spelling, ICT can be of tremendous benefit ( Pollock et Al ) . â€Å" Every kid has the right of entree to the course of study, yet we take away that right from so many pupils † ( Thomson, 2003 ) as cited on Azzopardi, 2010, pg.97 ) . The National Minimum Curriculum states that â€Å" We need to provide for the fact that all kids come to school with a different luggage and the Universal Designed acquisition ( UDL ) adheres to it. UDL is a model to extinguish barriers and do course of study accessible for all pupils by supplying: * Multiple agencies of representations of information to pupils. * Multiple agencies of look by pupils to show what they know. * Multiple agencies of battle to excite scholar ‘s involvement and motive. We as pedagogues should get down earnestly believing about differentiated acquisition experiences if we truly believe in inclusion. Troubles in Maths While I was detecting Joe during assorted Maths lessons it was really obvious that he was happening it hard to prolong attending. Joe can make arithmetic really easy but for him word jobs and algebra are a existent concern. He besides shows hapless memory for sequences, facts and information that has merely been given. Geller and Smith ( 2002 ) suggested that: jobs in the perceptual registry, every bit good as short-run memory, may negatively impact the math accomplishment of pupils with larning disablements ( as cited on Bender, 2004, pg.216 ) . During Maths, Joe shows dependance on finger numeration. Fortunately nobody of all time asked him to halt utilizing this method. I commend the Maths instructor for supplying Joe with press releases and worksheets to forestall him from copying from the whiteboard. The lone expostulation I have is that he should hold given them to everyone else in category. In this manner, Joe would non be seen as the uneven one out. I besides admire the manner in which the LSA works with Joe during this lesson. He reads the jobs for Joe and foreground the cardinal parts. At the same clip he encourages Joe to jot short notes about those cardinal parts. The LSA besides draws diagrams to assist him organize and understand better the information presented in the job as it is being presented in a ocular mode. I besides support the manner in which the LSA encourages Joe to look for words which are clearly highlighted on the press release alternatively of spelling them herself therefore cut downing learned weakness. Harmonizing to Martin Seligman â€Å" Learned weakness is the province of head created when an animate being or human being learns to act impotently, even with the agencies to get away or avoid an unpleasant state of affairs † ( Helping Psychology, 2010 ) . Troubles in Administration â€Å" You besides can promote pupils to work independently by assisting them develop their organizational accomplishments † ( Finstein, Yao Yang & A ; Jones 2006 ; Mizelle, 2005 ) as cited on Salend 2008, pg.245. From what I observed, Joe needs to be taught ways and agencies of how he can be more organized. During most of the lessons Joe needed motivating to bring his text editions and files. He was non certain which 1s corresponded to the lesson which was traveling on in the category. For him all the books seemed the same. Besides he frequently came to school without his prep. I shortly realised that something had to be done in this respect. The LSA and the instructors should work hand in glove to implement administration schemes. Books, copybooks and files should be coloring material coded harmonizing to the topic. This would heighten acknowledgment. Besides as the LSA has to help more pupils he can promote peer coaction where other pupils assist Joe. Besides an hypertrophied transcript of the timetable should be glued to his desk therefore doing it easier for him to cognize what is following. Before the pupil leaves the category, the LSA should do certain that Joe has packed all the books needed for analyzing and prep. The instructor should besides make his or her portion. Home plants should be written on the board every bit early as possible during the lesson and the LSA should look into what he has written. The communicating book is another of import tool to better administration accomplishments. Troubles in Behaviour During my observations I observed that Joe has troubles to understand societal cues and to act in a socially acceptable manner in assorted scenes. He lacks interpersonal accomplishments and this impairs negatively on his ability to organize meaningful friendly relationships. Unfortunately he is regarded by some of his equals and instructors as socially troubled and this impinges on his self-pride and the self-esteem attributed to him by other pupils. Children normally react to academic failure by neglecting in behavior. Why? Because so all eyes are on your kid ‘s bad behavior and non on her failure in reading and authorship. She ‘s labelled as boisterous, but that ‘s much easier for her to bear than being thought of as â€Å" dense † ( Wood, 2006, pg.64 ) . Frequently bad behavior is dissembling the pupil ‘s emphasis and he is utilizing such behavior to show emotions. But it is really of import that the pedagogue prompts Joe to alter behavior. Peoples with dyslexia must besides be encouraged to utilize their strengths to get the better of their failings. This will understate bad behavior. â€Å" They have many particular strengths which they should ever be encouraged to develop to the full. Their intelligence and normalcy in every other domain of life must be emphasised at all times, so they can carry through their possible † ( Blight, 1998, pg.6 ) . Joe should be supported to construct meaningful friendly relationship. This can be done by set uping schoolroom communities and circle of friends. By making so we would be making a supportive and caring community around the pupil and would besides be advancing the thought that diverseness is healthy. â€Å" Such community-building group activities promote friendly relationships and credence by making a category individuality that recognises the similarities and differences among pupils and the alone parts of each category member † ( Harriott & A ; Martin, 2004 ; Obenchain & A ; Abernathy, 2003 ) ( as cited in Salend, 2008, pg.234 ) . Troubles in motor accomplishments Deficits in all right motor accomplishments, have besides been identified in footings of the characteristically hapless script ( Benton, 1978 ; Miles, 1983 ) , and copying in immature kids ( Badian, 1984 ; Rudel, 1985 ) , coupled with trouble to bind shoe lacings ( Miles, 1983 ) as cited on Reid et al 2008, pg.83. Although the psychological study states that â€Å" Gross motor developmental mileposts featured age-appropriately † , it should hold mentioned the all right motor accomplishments which as I have observed still necessitate to better and dysgraphia. Joe still has troubles in cutting, pulling, and binding his shoe lacings. He holds his pen excessively tightly and exerts heavy force per unit area when composing with the consequence that his motions are restricted. This is one ground why he finds composing so hard and boring. I have besides observed that spacing between words is non standard and often his composing expressions like a whole block of text. Besides he can non maintain within the lines while composing. Joe ‘s composing floats above and cuts down through the lines and his letters are frequently uneven. I besides had the chance to detect Joe ‘s position during the lessons. He frequently slouches in his chair and sits awkwardly at his desk. This continues to encroach negatively on his script. It is an absolute necessity that Joe ‘s script is improved. This can be done by learning him and supplying him with chances to pattern the uninterrupted authorship manner. â€Å" The most widely recommended script manner is called uninterrupted longhand. Its most of import characteristic is that each missive is formed without taking the pencil off the paper and accordingly, each word is formed in one, fluxing motion † ( British Dyslexia Association ) . Besides we should guarantee good position, where the chair and desk are in the right tallness and the pupil is sitting directly with his pess level on the land. I would besides urge that Joe is seen by an Occupational healer which could give him regular exercisings to beef up his fingers and custodies musculuss. â€Å" Daily pattern is the ideal. A small and frequently is better than a hebdomadal endurance contest session. Motor accomplishments develop with ripening, pattern and experience † ( Branson, 2007, Pg.54 ) . Troubles in Self-Esteem â€Å" I come to school. I see all the other friends. Who can rite and read. But me, I ‘m all on my ain Not good at riteing. Not good at reading. I site on my bed, I cry I cry and I cry. But I boh't see why. It ‘s so hared for me. Ca n't you see? † By Jodie Cosgrave, age 11. ( as cited in Social and Emotional Aspects of Dyslexia by Dr. Gilda Palti, 1996 ) . As literacy accomplishments are so strongly emphasized in our current educational system, pupil like Joe frequently experience a great trade of failure as I had the chance to detect. These experiences adversely impact his ego regard. We as pedagogues need to demo him that he has both strengths and weaknesses precisely like anybody else. Praise at the appropriate times is really of import to increase motive. Educators can promote Joe to make activities where he can see success so he will be able to increase his self-esteem. That ‘s why it is of import for Joe to hold humanistic disciplines, physical instruction and IT lessons during the hebdomad. These are the countries in which he can stand out and experience satisfied about his schooling experience. With a batch of difficult work and doggedness, the pedagogues can lend to understate the effects of dyslexia and maximize the â€Å" I am good as anyone else † factor. Self-government is the ultimate end where the pupils use strengths to get the better of failings. â€Å" One indispensable component of authorization is self-determination † ( Wehmeyer, 1993,1994 ) . Self-government is the antonym of erudite weakness. When pupils have control over their life, their self-pride is boosted. Besides when pupils are responsible for planning and determinations, people view them otherwise. â€Å" Self-government refers to volitional actions that enable one to move as the primary causal agent in one ‘s life and to keep or better one ‘s quality of life † ( Wehmeyer, 2007, p.6 ) . Troubles in Attention Comprehension and Memory When the instructor negotiations for long periods of clip, Joe becomes highly defeated because he experiences troubles to prolong attending and because he has weak audile memory. The LSA adapts the notes which are taken during the lesson and high spots keywords to do it easier for him to retrieve them when revising. Unfortunately some instructors do transport on with the lesson even when they are to the full cognizant that Joe and other pupils are non following. To add abuse to injury when they use the whiteboard they write in a disorganized manner and chorus from utilizing any visuals so Joe finds it wholly impossible to follow. To heighten his memory, the LSA could utilize a voice recording equipment to enter the instructor ‘s account. These recordings could so be used back at place to enable Joe to understand at his ain gait and to follow print with audile input. From clip to clip, Joe could besides be asked to verbally rephrase stuff taught to measure his comprehension and reinforce acquisition. Besides repeat should be uninterrupted. Concerted acquisition, where pupils are assigned to squads, and they all portion cognition and accomplishments and seek aid from others, can besides be good. â€Å" A concerted acquisition format that places more duty on group members is the larning together attack † ( Johnson, Johnson, & A ; Holubec, 2002 ) ( as cited in Salend, 2008, pg.404 ) . Concerted acquisition besides avoids labelling. Another scheme which the pedagogues can utilize is peer tutoring. A equal who demonstrates good comprehension accomplishments can help Joe in larning a new accomplishment. â€Å" In equal tutoring, one pupil coach assists another in larning a new accomplishment. Peer tutoring additions pupil larning across a scope of content countries and Fosters positive attitudes toward school for coachs and tutees † ( Heron, Villareal, Yao, Christianson, & A ; Heron, 2006 ; Miller 2005 ) ( as cited in Salend, 2008, pg.403 ) . Peer tutoring besides increases motive as pupils enjoy working together and their academic public presentation improves. â€Å" It besides promotes a greater sense of duty and an improved self-concept, every bit good as increased academic and societal accomplishments † ( Spencer, 2006 ) ( as cited in Salend, 2008, pg.403 ) . Educators need to supervise while they are implementing this scheme. The instructors should help his attending and comprehension by utilizing visuals, composing on the board in an orderly manner, utilizing non cursive and clear penmanship and utilizing different colorss on surrogate lines so Joe can follow better. Teachers should besides be made cognizant that as pupils like Joe think chiefly with images and feelings the usage of structured multi-sensory techniques is greatly encouraged. Multi-sensory methods increase the concentration span of pupils. â€Å" Dyslexic kids need to utilize structured multi-sensory methods. This means utilizing as many senses as possible at a clip to do learning easier-looking, hearing, stating and making † ( Dyslexia Teaching Today often asked inquiries ) . Students with Dyslexia can profit enormously from the sensitiveness of the schoolroom instructors who implement some appropriate schemes without needfully incurring excess loads. â€Å" Low outlooks lead to limited attempt, high outlooks lead to defeat, a realistic assessment of each topic is hence indispensable † ( Christine Firman, 1998 as cited on the Malta Independent ) . The pedagogues are responsible to supply meaningful and actuating acquisition and should be cognizant of the pupils ‘ metacognition. Besides they must non overload pupils with inordinate information. Vygotsky believed that, â€Å" instructors should play an informative function invariably steering and fostering their students in order to better their attending span, concentration, and larning accomplishments, and so construct up their competency ( as cited on Collin et al.,2012, pg. 270 ) .DecisionDuring these last old ages at that place have been greater attempts to increase consciousness about dyslexia. However despite all this, stigma about this status is still rampant. Some pedagogues are still sceptic about dyslexia and this attitude is harming pupils and impacting their instruction development and ego regard. Students with dyslexia are still being labelled as stupid and lazy. This attitude is besides negatively encroaching on the whole construct of inclusion as it fails to supply the appropriate environment and support for all pupils to larn together. Tanti Burlo ‘ , ( 2010 ) notes that â€Å" it has become more and more apparent that the successful inclusion of a kid with disablement, and of all kids at that, depends on the acquisition environment the kids are immersed in † .Restrictions of the surveyFor this survey purpose observations at place and in the community could non be included due to serious household jobs. Had I been able to detect Joe outside school, it would hold given me greater penetration and information and findings would hold had more strength.

Comparative Words Lesson Plan

Use these guidelines to prepare a lesson plan to teach students of any age how to use comparative words and comparative clauses to express the concepts of more or less and greater or lesser. Objectives and Goals Instruct/review adjectives as a part of speechIntroduce students to words that end in -er and/or -estOffer students the chance to practice finding similar items and comparing them through the proper use of language Anticipatory Set​ Ask students what they know about -er and -est words, as well as the word than. Explain that -er adjectives are for comparing two things, while -est words are used to compare three or more things. For older students, introduce and use the terms comparative and superlative repeatedly and hold students accountable for knowing these terms. Direct Instruction Model turning common root adjectives into comparative and superlative adjectives (examples: funny, hot, happy, big, good, etc.)Brainstorm additional adjectives and practice (as a group) putting them into sentences (example: The sun is hotter than the moon. A baby is smaller than a teenager.) Guided Practice Depending on the age and abilities of your students, you can ask the students to write their own comparative and superlative sentences from scratch. Or, for younger students, you can design and copy a worksheet with cloze sentences and they can fill in the blanks or circle the correct suffix. For example: Fill in the Blanks: The ___________ is bigger than the ___________.Circle one: The big (er or est) animal in the zoo is an elephant. Another option is to have students look through the pages of their independent reading books and search for comparative and superlative adjectives. ​ Closure Offer sharing time for the students to read aloud the sentences they completed or composed. Reinforce the core concepts with discussion and question/answer time. ​ Independent Practice For homework, have students write a given number of comparative and/or superlative sentences based on things they find in their homes, books, neighborhood, or imaginations. ​ Required Materials and Equipment Worksheets if needed, paper, pencils, student reading books if needed. ​ Assessment and Follow-Up Check completed homework assignments for correct sentence structure and grammar. Re-teach as needed. Point our comparative and superlative words as they come up in class discussion and whole group reading.