Process of Socialization Essay Example for Free

Process of Socialization EssaySocialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. We begin acquisition from others during the early days of life and to the highest degree people continue their sociable learning all finished life (unless some mental or physical disability slows or stops the learning process). Sometimes the learning is fun, as when we learn a new sport, art or musical technique from a friend we like. At other times, social learning is painful, as when we learn not to drive too fast by receiving a large fine for speeding. Natural culture occurs when infants and youngsters explore, play and fracture the social world around them. Planned socialization occurs when other people take actions designed to teach or train others from infancy on. Natural socialization is easily seen when looking at the young of al close any mammalian species (and some birds).Planned socialization is mostly a human phenomenon and all through history, people have been making plans for teaching or training others. Both natural and planned socialization can have good and bad features It is able to learn the best features of both natural and planned socialization and weave them into our lives. Positive socialization is the type of social learning that is based on pleasant and exciting experiences. We tend to like the people who fill our social learning processes with positive motivation, loving care, and rewarding opportunities. Negative socialization occurs when others use punishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try to teach us a lesson and often we come to dislike both negative socialization and the people who impose it on us. in that location are all types of mixes of positive and negative socialization and the more positive social learning experiences we have, the happier we tend to be,especially if we learn useful information that helps us get by well with the challenges of life. A high ratio of negative to positive socialization can make a person unhappy, defeated or pessimistic round life. Some people will defend negative socialization, since painful training can prepare people to be ready to fight and die in battle, put themselves at great risk in order to save others, endure torture and hardship. This is true but many people receive cold more negative socialization than they need, and hopefully fewer and fewer people will need to be trained for battle, torture and hardship.Functions of Different Social Processes1.Cooperation- The most favored of all the social pocesses, promotes solidarity and cohesion. I.primary cooperation exist when individulas share the task and rewards with all the members, when the sharing itself becomes both the ends and the means. II.Secondary Cooperation is mere formal type of cooperation existing in ripe societies and formal groups. 2.Conflict and cooperation- there are generally considered destructive forces, especially the conflict process but both also fulfill certain functio n in our society or else the process will oersist competition for one encourages people to exert their best.It stimulates individuals to improve their skills and evidence their knowledge. 3. Differentiation- As individuals they carry with their status or positions in the social outline. The status determines the role play in the social situation. As society become more and more complex, roles and function of members in the social system becomes more and more specialized. Differentition role may depend in such factors as sex, age, wealth accumulated and others.Referenceshttp//www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/baldwin/classes/soc142/scznDEF.html Reporter Danilo L. Sorio Jr.

Killology Essay Example for Free

Killology EssayDo violence in the media and interactive entertainment, much(prenominal) as video games and movies, fix children to have the will to kill? According to Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, an expert on the psychology of sidesplitting, both play a big case in child removes. in that respect are several methods to this madness by which people can actually motivate themselves to take another humane life, such(prenominal) as, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, brutalization, and role models. These practices are used in the soldiers to train soldiers to kill, just as the media is doing to our children. Monday, December 1st, 1997 began like any other day for the students of Heath High naturalise in Paducah, Kentucky. Student Michael Carneal rode to school with his sister, carrying with him, what he claimed to be, an art project. As his fellow classmates gathered that morning in the lobby of the school, holding a prayer group, he fired eight rounds from a . 22 calib er pistol. Out of those eight rounds he landed five head shots and three upper torso shots, killing three teenagers. Not only did he land all eight shots, but the shots were so precise that elite military and law enforcement agencies were stunned by his expertise.The fact that he had never fired a real gun in his life was something that disturbed authorities even more. Nowhere in the records of military or law enforcement history could the equivalent achievement be found. So what was it that made this young man so fantastic and deadly at such a young age? (The pellet, 2010, para. 1) Its one of the methods used by the military to train their soldiers called operant conditioning, a powerful procedure of stimulus-response training techniques that elbow grease to influence behavior by manipulating reinforcers.They learn to fire at realistic figures that pop up in the field. The stimulus is the tar scram, and the response is, shooting to kill. This procedure is iterate over and over, hundreds of times, until their natural response when someone pops up on the battlefield is to kill. Research has suggested that raging video games played a big role in the choice Michael made that day. He was trained through operant conditioning just as the soldiers are, except his was through slam-bang video games. Following the shooting there was a $130-million law suit filed against the video game manufacturers in that case.This case is said to be working its way through the appeals system of the courts. (Metcalf, Stubblefield, Ettinger, 2011, p. 152) raging video games train our children to kill, glorify violence, desensitize them to suffering, and trivialize violence. E very time a child plays an interactive video game, he or she is learning the subscribe to same conditioned reflex skills as a soldier or police officer in training. Kids are playing more and more violent video games that are rated for a mature audience.So, ask yourself this question how do fourteen year ol d teenagers obtain video games that are rated Mature? emend yet, why are they allowed by their parents to play the evil, sadistic games? Parents should replace the violent video games with non-violent, stimulating, and educational games those which enhance knowledge, creativity and imagination. The violent umbrage rate is at a phenomenally high level, not just in America, but worldwide. According to Interpol, the per capita assault rate increased nearly fivefold in Norway and Greece surrounded by the years of 1977 and 1993.In Mexico and Brazil, the numbers are skyrocketing, and in Japan juvenile crime went up by thirty percent in 1997 alone. (Metcalf, Stubblefield, Ettinger, 2011, p. 150). The virus of violent crime is occurring worldwide, and the explanation for it has to be some new factor that is occurring in all of these countries. There are many factors involved in the action of violent crime, and we must never downplay any of them. There is only one new variable present i n each of these nations, and it is that media violence is now world presented as a viable entertainment option for children. Metcalf et al. , 2011, p. 150) Another method used by the Japanese, in World War II, which we also fill make with the media, is classical conditioning.This technique is best remembered as Pavlovian conditioning, associating a stimulus with a response according to a specific reinforcement schedule, such as violence linked to pleasure. As Pavlov did with the dog, by associating the bell with food and eventually the dog could not hear the bell without salivating, the media does with the children. How often do we watch the countersign and learn of something good that has happened in the world?They are always focusing on all of the violence that is going on in the world. Our children see this as well, and they learn to associate death with pleasure. To better understand the role that violence and the media inherit, in the entertainment complex, plays in the inc rease of murders among the young and impressionable. We must first typeface at the methods by which killers can be made. Though such a difficult subject cannot be completely explained by these factors alone, it is important to note the office each one makes.Throughout the course of human history, it is thought that healthy members of most species have a natural resistance to killing their own kind. However, when human beings are overwhelmed with anger and fear, thought processes conk out primitive. We slam head-on into that hardwired resistance against killing. One of the methods that shift this natural resistance is what is commonly known as brutalization. quite similar to a military boot camp, brutalization is a forced shift in values. The subject is made to conform to a new frozen of rules, abandoning all sense of individuality.They are trained relentlessly in a total immersion environment and the end result is a person who not only embraces the violence and the discipline, but accepts them as normal and an essential excerpt skill in a new and increasingly brutal world. (Metcalf et al. , 2011, p. 151) A very similar thing is happening to our children through violence in the media. At eighteen months old, a child can begin to understand and mimic what they see on television, and up until the ages of six or seven they are physically, developmentally, and psychologically unable to distinguish the difference between fantasy and reality.When they see an instance of rape, murder or degradation on the television or in the media, to them it is real. Some of them welcome the violence and accept it as a normal and vital survival skill in a cruel, new world. In nations, regions and cities where television is a constant source of entertainment, there is an immediate eruption of playground violence, and within xv years, there is a doubling of the murder rate, but why fifteen years? Thats how long it takes for a desensitized toddler to reach their prime crime year s. Metcalf et al. , 2011, p. 151) By the time the brutalized toddlers have reached their teenage years, they have developed role models. Today, violence in the media is providing our children with role models.When the images of young killers are broadcast on television, they become role models. The media has every right and responsibility to tell the story, but they have no right to glorify the killers by presenting their images on television. (Grossman, 2000, p. ) The ultimate achievement for our children is to get their picture on television, and with such vulnerable, young minds they are willing to do whatever it takes to achieve that. I say it is time for the world to stop televising such violence and let law enforcement deal with it. If they know who the killer is then why does it have to be broadcast for our children to see? I truly swear that the media is highly responsible for a lot of killings in this world, along with the violent video games, and I pray that one day there will be something done to stop it.

Issues And Challenges Facing Nurses Nursing Essay

Issues And Ch entirelyenges Facing Nurses Nursing EssayMary Seacole gained her reputation after the Crimean contend (1853-1856). Florence Nightingale needed 40 nursemaids to work in a hospital in London. Although Mary Seacole went to London and brought many letters of recommendation from doctors with whom she had worked, she was told her services were not needed. In 1855, Mary Seacole went back to London anyway, funding her own way there. To pay for the long sea journey, she took food and other useful things with her. She established the British Hotel where soldiers were able to buy food and drinks. Mary cared for the soldiers and helped the wounded soldiers on the battlefield. She gained the name Mother Seacole. She was honored with many awards and medals for her dedication to helping soldiers.Mary Elizabeth CarnegieMary Elizabeth Carnegie Carnegie graduate with a diploma from Lincoln take aim of Nurses in New York in 1937. Carnegie earned a BA degree from West Virginia State Col lege a certificate from the University of Toronto an MA from Syracuse University and a DPA from New York University. Carnegie initiated the BSN program at Hampton University in Virginia. She alike started the BSN program while assuming the position of Dean of Florida AM University School of Nursing in T eachahassee, which became the counterbalance National League for Nursing accredited program in the state of Florida. In 1942, the Florida State Nurses Association (FSNA) voted to admit dismal nurses to membership.Although they paid dues, black nurses were not allowed to speak or participate in meetings. Carnegies contributions as a nurse scholar and leader helped break down racial barriers. She became a full member of FSNA in 1948, and by 1949, was elected to the board of directors. Carnegie was inducted into the FNA Hall of Fame. She served as the editor of Nursing Research and served on the editorial mental faculty of the American Journal of Nursing from 1953 to 1978. Carnegie also authored three books Disadvantaged Students in RN Programs, Historical Perspectives of Nursing Research, and The Path We Tread downhearteds in Nursing, 1854-1994.Rhetaugh grave DumasRhetaugh Graves Dumas was a pioneer and vibrant leader in breast feeding. She was a graduate of Dillard University School of Nursing in 1951. She was the primary African American woman and the first nurse to be officially selected as deputy director of the National Institute of Mental health. Rhetaugh received her MSN from Yale and was the first nurse to perform a randomize experimental design to study clinical nursing problems. She was the Vice Provost of Health Affairs at UM and the Lucille Cole Professor of Nursing. In 1997, she was named Dean Emerita and Vice Provost Emerita of the University of Michigan. She was a founding member and former chair of the American Academy of Nursing, and wrote an influential research paper, The Effect of Nursing Care on Postoperative Vomiting. She also wro te the oft-cited Dilemmas of Black Females in Leadership in 1980.Mary MahoneyMary Mahoney was admitted to the New England Hospital for Women and Children nursing program at the age of thirty-three. The program was sixteen months and included lectures and hands-on patient care. Of the forty-two students admitted to the program, only four graduated and Mary Mahoney was one of those four graduates. She received her nursing certification on August 1, 1879, making her the first African-American in history to earn a professional nursing license. Mary was most noted for her hard work to improve the status of African-American nurses and encourage the expansion of intercultural relations. Mary was the co-founder of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1908. Mary Mahoney helped open the doors of opportunity for the African-American nurses.Beverly MaloneDr. Beverly Malone PhD, RN, FAAN has been since July 2001, general secretary of the proud College of Nursing. She is also a board member of HEFCE. While working as dean and professor of the School of Nursing at North Carolina Agricultural and practiced State University at Greensboro, she also served on the Governors Task Force on the Nursing Shortage and was a commissioner of the North Carolina Commission on Health Services. Dr. Malone held the positions of president of the American Nurses Association (ANA) (1996-2000) and Deputy Assistant Secretary at the United States Department of Health and Human Services for a one year term. Dr. Malone also served as the representative of the U.S. International Council of Nurses. Dr. Malone has also served on former President HYPERLINK http//en.nursingwiki.org/index.php?title=President_Clintonaction=editredlink=1Bill Clintons Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry. Dr. Malone was later appointed as a member of the U.S. delegation to the World Health Assembly, by former President Clinton and was a part of the presidents plug-in discussion on the Patients Bill of Rights. Dr. Malone also served on the board of directors of the National Patient Safety Partnership, a collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the American checkup Association and other national health care organizations. She was the second African-American to serve as president of the ANA.Interview 1 nurse who was employed in nursing prior to 1980sI interviewed Kathleen Venable who graduated from Alcorn State University with an ASN. Kathleen also received a BSN from Loyola University and a Masters of Science from Southeastern Louisiana University. I asked her about a typical day shift, beginning and ending salary and similarities and differences with contemporary nursing prior to the 1980s.Typical day/shiftMrs. Venable worked at Catahoula hospital, a sixty-four bed hospital in Jonesville, LA. The hospital is split into east and west wings. She worked on a thirty-four bed hall. The unit consisted of two RNs (one breake r point nurse), a LPN and 2 manifest Nursing Assistants. The head nurse was in charge of documenting all orders from doctors and any stat orders that needed to be brought other places approximatelyone off the unit had to bring it. The other floor RN was responsible for starting all IVs and administering all IV push medications. If the unit was full the nurses were depute 15 patients a piece.Beginning and ending salaryMrs. Venable beginning salary was 8.25 and when she left a year later and went to Our Lady of the Lake she was offered 8.25 with shift differential. Now the fair starting salary in Louisiana is 19.25-20.00 an hour with shift differentials.Similarities and differences with contemporary nursingThere were many differences with nursing compared to nowadays there was no clan limit to nurse to patient ratio, there werent any Braden or pain scales. There were no resources to help the patients after being discharged from the hospital such(prenominal) as social workers, h ome health, Council on Aging or rehabilitation services. Nurses were unable to challenge a doctors decision and be the best patient encourage they could be because whatever the doctor said no one could question it for fear of losing their job.Similarities the nursing process was around and the typical working shift is stable the identical (12 hour shifts). She stated that there is much advancement in medicine today but the amount of time and energy is still the same in patient care.Review 1 prominent nursing journal published in primaeval 1900sWhat are the similarities and differences with the same journal in the early 1990s compared to the 2000sEmphasize nursing roles and responsibilitiesThe American Journal of nursing is the oldest nursing journal around. In the 1990s the journal wrote about mandating nursing caps, how to keep up with your staff after retirement and Faculty as relief staff to palliative care, and responding to disasters. The focus is still improving patient ca re but with all the recent tragedies America has had, the journal has shifted to teaching nurses how to care for patient after catastrophes.The PresentWhich nurses or nurse educators serve as role models to you? What are some of that persons characteristics that attract you?The nurses that serve as my role model are London Lewis (sister-in-law) and Mrs. Lois Bridgewater. London Lewis graduated from William Carey University. She is married with a child, but she didnt allow that to stop her. She is now in a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist program and is scheduled to graduate in May 2011. London was a full time wife and mother all while receiving a BSN and working on her current degree. London graduated from William Carey and her professors continue to speak highly of her motivation and dedication to nice a nurse. Mrs. Lois Bridgewater is also one of my role models. She was my clinical instructor in nursing 310. What amazes me about her is the drive she has to accomplish every thing she set out to do. She is an expert in her field and while at North Oaks Hospital, the staff respected her decisions and work ethics. Mrs. Bridgewater is not only a nurse but also a Certified Midwife, and shes working on her Family Nurse Practitioner.Respond to the following questionsWhat types of software skills are critical for modernistic nurses entering the workforce?The type of software skills needed for cutting nurses entering the workforce are Microsoft Office which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook.Why is it important for new nurses to be able to search the Internet for information?It is important for new nurses to be able to search the Internet for information, in the event they have a question about something and there arent any resources available to you at that moment. The nurse can always get on the computer and find the information needed at that moment.The FutureWhat are some of the challenges you see facing the nursing profession in theThe challenges I see facing the nursing profession is patient healthcare due to nursing shortage. With the shortage of nurses, there is an increase in the patient to nurse ratio. With more patients, a nurse has less time to spend with each patient, which causes a decrease in the quality of care to all patients.

Measurement of Lying and Standing Blood Pressure

Measurement of Lying and Standing Blood PressureJayne FloodIntroductionThis report aims to discuss the dress hat practice on the standard rod of a lying and standing(a) line of reasoning blackmail. In addition to this formulate a look for strategy to provide the best evidence base practice. heal David Sackett defines evidence based practice as The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the c ar of individual patients (Sackett et al. 2000). This in Laymens terms means to use all available resources of culture to form an opinion or judgement on how to provide the best possible c ar to the patient. Some people suffer from a condition called Presyncope, this female genital organ cause them to feel lightheaded or unsteady on their feet when salary increase from a lying or sitting position this condition is often associated with the older generation and give the axe cause them to fall. They feel this federal agency becaus e the brain or cerebral cortex does not receive enough oxygen, due to a lack of circulation when they stand up. This nookie then cause them to fall over or pass out. This condition is in any case known as Hypotension or Orthostatic Blood Pressure. The best way to diagnose or determine if the patient is pathetic from this condition, is too perform a procedure called a lying and standing blood pressure sensation. This usually requires the Health Care Professional to take the patients blood pressure while they are lying protrude, then to record the blood pressure immediately on standing and then again when they score been standing for dickens minutes to determine if the patient has a significant drop in their blood pressure in a standing position.Formulating a attempt strategy for the cardinal resourcesThe three resources for this report that will be appeared and discussed are passwrangle, day loudnesss and the internet. The come upon words used in this report will be Lyin g and Standing Blood Pressure, Orthostatic Blood Pressure, Hypotension and mensuration. The main sentence used will be measurement of vertical blood pressure. Before base the inquisition it can be helpful to design a mind map, spider graph or brainstorm, to help generate any new key words that can be used in the search. (Cottrell, 2003). The main revolve about for this report will be on Measurement of Orthostatic blood pressure. meshA good search resource is the internet because it is fast and instant. Turn on the computer and connect to www.google.com then in the search rampart, type in the words lying and standing blood pressure. This yielded nine nose candy and cardinal two thousand search results in fifty four seconds. The word measurement was used to try and narrow the search results down. Type in the words measurement of orthostatic blood pressure, this narrowed the search results down to two hundred and twenty four thousand. Applying Boolean logical system to the sear ch bar, can help to narrow the results further simply add the words AND or OR. George Boole was a mathematician who came up with the idea to add either of these words to the keywords to narrow down a search, (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). The word AND added to the keywords lying and standing blood pressure, will produce results that imply both the keywords lying and standing. Adding the word OR will as well produce results that include the keywords lying and standing, this severely increase the search results. The word NOT can also be added to the key words, which will narrow the results considerably as this searches for only one of the key words and rules out the different. (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). Using Boolean logic did not help in this particular search. Scrolling through the Google search results, revealed that a lot of the websites were generated abroad. This can be reduced down by clicking on the search tool only ifton, then clicking on country United Kingdom only, th is reduced the results down by half. To try and reduce the results further, type google scholar in the Google search bar, this will access google scholar (www.scholar.google.co.uk.) Type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure in the search bar, this produced a search result of forty five thousand meaning it was considerably less. By clicking on bring ind search and inputting the dates to no more than five years, reduces the results down to twenty in heptad seconds. The downside to advance search on google scholar, is that there is no discrimination against foreign websites.When search the internet, it is grave to remember the three Ws. Who What and When. Who produced the website and can they be certain(p) for instance is it written by a drug company who are trying to sell their products. Where the website is from is it British or from abroad? Ideally health help professionals should be using information from their own country in their assignments. And finally, when was the website last updated? A lot of websites are rarely updated, so it is important to look at when the website was created and updated. (Freeman and Thompson, 2009).Journalsanother(prenominal) great resource that healthcare professionals can research are journals or e-journals. Journals are current and up to date. Written by qualified professionals and peer reviewed, they also contain many volumes. The downside to using journals is that they can be very represently, difficult to store and hard to search (ODochartaigh, 2002). The university has a library that can be accessed twenty-four hours or night, or you can use their library website or the university website. Sign in to the library account and type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. This produced a hundred and seventy six results, this includes journals and books. You can refine the search results further by going to the advanced search section, and clicking on the relevant lashes that may be needed to do this, for example, in this case all that was needed was to refine the search was the date which yielded only fifty two results. Also underneath the refine results section is a list of the authors, the name of the journals and the databases they were found in. This information is helpful if the name of certain journals is not known the same with databases. By clicking on the more options part of these lists, you can eliminate or include whichever journals or databases requisite for example, in this case all articles from abroad were eliminated, reducing the search results down to forty nine. If the name of the journal is known, then the library website has an e-journals section click on the box that says find e journals. This will bring up a separate box with the alphabet, click on the relevant letter or type in the name of the journal in the search bar. For example the treat condemnations was searched. This then coarses up a new link box, click on the nursing times title this will open up a separate box where the year, volume, issue and page numbers can be inserted to access the particular e-journal required. For the purpose of this report, it is known that the particular nursing times journal was printed in the year two thousand and seven (2007), the volume number is one hundred and three (103), the issue number is twenty (20), and the page starts on number twenty four (24). These numbers when inputted into the boxes, will take you directly to the e-journal required. The hospital library also has its own journal and e-journals databases. A lot of the e-journals are accessed via an Athens database account, this is an Access Management System developed by Eduserv a safe service provider that allows access to all electronic resources the hospital or university are subscribed to. Access to Athens can be done through the university or the hospital, you can register an account with them at no cost to the user, as long as you are a healthcare professional or student. Data bases are a systematic collection of data that can be accessed for information, either through the World Wide Web, work or university library. Once again, it does help if you know the name of any databases. On the university webpage there is a box that says databases. Clicking on this link will open up a separate box to which you can type in the name of the database required. For the purpose of this report cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl) will be used. Type Cinahl into the search bar, this generates one search result double click on the title and this will take you directly to the database. In the search bar type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure, this will then open up a separate link with new keywords tick the boxes of the keywords to be used. For example, in this case the keywords are measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. Click the search database button and this yielded ten results. To try and find other articles, type in lying a nd standing blood pressure in the top search bar in the search bar underneath, type the word AND next to it and type in the word measurement this yielded no results. When searching journals, it is vital to ensure the writers are British what their qualifications are and are they qualified healthcare professionals. Checking the date of the journal may be vital, as anything older than five years can be considered out of date. The same should be taken under consideration when searching databases.BooksBooks are another great search tool for healthcare professionals they can be easier than journals and the internet to search for, and more dependable than the internet. Books give the reader a summary of what is written in the book, by reading the blurb on the back. Books also contain a contents and index page this allows the reader to go to a specific page or chapter instead of having to read the whole book unlike journals. Unfortunately books are expensive and take up a lot of storage s pace. There are four options available when searching for books The macrocosm library, the hospital library, the university library and google books (www.books.google.co.uk). For the purpose of this report the university library will be used. The university provide tuition on how to search and use the library website within a month of starting the course. The university library informs the researcher what books are available, how many books there are, where they can be located in the library and on which campus, how long the book can be borrowed for and whether the book is available online as an e-book. Searching for measurement of orthostatic blood pressure or lying and standing blood pressure yielded no results for books the search was then changed to hypotension which yielded one result. To try and yield a few more results, the title was changed to orthostatic blood pressure, this only yielded journals. Blood pressure was then typed into the search bar, this produced over three hundred and nineteen thousand results they included journals, books and full text online. To reduce this down there is the option to advance the search by clicking on the available in the library option reduced the results down to fifteen books, ruling out all the journals etc. submit an appropriate book and look at the options available underneath the title and exposition of the book. The location option tells you which campus the book is located on and therefore where it can be located in the library. This can also inform the researcher if the book is available to borrow on the day, or when it becomes available to borrow it can also allow the user to hold the book meaning the previous borrower cannot renew the book. Clicking on the details option gives the user the author(s), the subject, identifier and a brief description of the book this can allow the user to choose or eliminate the book quickly and easily. Clicking on the virtual browse button, allows the user to view other b ooks that are along the same shelves as the book the user is looking at. To the left of the library webpage as mentioned earlier is the option to advance search. Above the words available in the library is full text online clicking on this option gives the user access to the e-books online, allowing them to download the book for a maximum period of two days or to read the book online. Once the user has chosen the books they require, it is just a simple matter of going to the library and borrowing the books. It is important when looking at books for the user to take into account the date, who wrote the book and whether it contains the relevant information required.DiscussionFormulating a search strategy requires planning, organisation, time and practice. Journals, internet and books are essential tools needed to improve the quality of information assembled from the research. Therefore it is essential to check the credentials of the person writing the information, where the informatio n is from and when it was written or compiled. When searching the internet it became apparent that the websites accessed only spoke about the signs and symptoms of orthostatic blood pressure and not about how to measure the blood pressure only three websites produced the results required, one produced a useable tool, the other gave a step by step explanation on how to do a lying a standing blood pressure, but no other information. The last website explained the subdue procedure, explained the signs and symptoms of orthostatic blood pressure, was written by a qualified healthcare personnel, however the webpage did not give a date for when it was updated or due to be reviewed only that it was produced in nineteen ninety six. Searching the hospital and university libraries produced one journal which gave the correct procedure on how to measure a lying and standing blood pressure, this was found in the Nursing times but was out of date by eighteen years. Searching through the universit y library yielded several books on blood pressure, all with a section on the cause of orthostatic blood pressure, but nothing on the correct measurement of lying and standing blood pressure. The hospital library produced one book with the correct procedure for measuring orthostatic blood pressure. Formulating the search took up an amazing amount of time and resources and has proved to be illusive and inconclusive. In order to find the correct procedure for measuring orthostatic blood pressure further research will be required. With more practice on the use of keywords will hopefully produce the required results. Formulating this search strategy and report has proven how easy it is to get bogged down with information. Using Boolean logic is extremely useful in most search criterias but did not work for this particular search. Adding speech marks to measurement of orthostatic blood pressure also did not help, the search tended to focus on the words blood pressure, how to measure blood pressure or just orthostatic blood pressure. This has proven that the keywords should also include words much(prenominal) as how to or correct.ConclusionThis report has shown how the use of a spider graph or mind map, is an extremely useful way of scratch line the formulation of a search strategy (Cottrell, 2003). It has also demonstrated that using Boolean logic can be an effective tool when searching for information (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). The use of evidence based practice or medicine has also been discussed by discussing what was good and bad about the information and the indicators used to determine this, such as the three Ws, who, when and where to whittle the information down. The internet has proven to be the most interesting and time consuming because anything can be typed in the search bar and it will come up with a vast amount of results. Using different techniques to try and reduce the information down was time consuming. Using the hospital and university was m ore reliable to find books and journals was less time consuming. They also have librarians that are helpful in times of crisis. Books and journals were the most reliable sources of information because they are generally written by experts in the field being researched. Completing this report has proven to be a useful way of improving knowledge, skills and an effective learning curve. Learning that evidence based practice is based on the best available evidence. Ensuring any advice given is evidence based especially if recommending healthcare products or services and ensuring that any complementary or alternative therapies are in the best interests of the person in the healthcare professionals care (NMC, 2008). Completing this report has acknowledge that less time is required on the structure of the report and more time must be spent on the research.ReferencesAveyard, H. (2014) Doing a literature review in health and social care. A Practical guide. 3rd edition. Berkshire Open Univers ity Press. www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety//measuring_orthostatic_bpaccessed twentieth November 2014http//www.cdc.gov/injury/STEADI accessed 20th November 2014Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. quaternate edition. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Dougherty,L. Lister, S. (2011) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 8th edition. Oxford. U.K Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated.Freeman, B. Thompson, D. (2009) Fundamental aspects of finding and using information. A guide for students of nursing and health. London Quay Books.Hek, G. Et al (1996) Making sense of research an introduction for nurses. London Cassell.ODochartaigh, N. (2002) The internet research handbook. London. Sage Publications.Pear, R. Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right. The essential referencing guide. 9th edition. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Sackett, D.L. Et al (2000) Evidence-based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. London. Churchill Livingston.http//www.medscape.com/vi ewarticle/474822_2 accessed 20th November 2014

Definition of lifespan development or lifespan psychology

Definition of lifespan cultivation or lifespan psychologyThe definition of lifespan emergence or lifespan psychology is implicit in the term itself. Lifespan coachmental psychology or lifespan psychology deals with the study of somebody learning from aim into old eon (Baltes et al 1980). This definition implies the nonion that an individual progresses through various developmental stages or phases throughout his or her lifetime. The theories that present the development of an individual in stages is k outrightn as stage theories.In analyzing the stages of an individuals lifespan, many theories have been posited by a number of psychologists who have studied particular aspects of the lifespan. Some of these theorists atomic number 18 Jean Piaget, who posited the cognitive developmental theory. During the 20th century, he was one of the most influential investigateers in the area of developmental psychology, and posited that individuals progress through four stages of develop ment in mental and reasoning capaci haulages. in that location is similarly a psychosexual theory, posited by Sigmund Freud, the father of psychology. He believed that the individual progresses through five stages of sexual development, to each(prenominal) one of which has a relating psychological principle. Freud believed that if each stage of sexual development was handled well, the individual would evolve into a mature, well-adapted person. A few new(prenominal) theorists are Erik Erikson, who posited the psychosocial theory of development Lawrence Kohlberg, who posited the theory of moral development and James Fowler who posited the psycho spiritual theory of human development.The study of Lifespan Development is of extreme relevance and importance to the counsellor and Consulting Psychologist. The theorists, through grades of research, provide a sound basis for understanding the individuals progression through the lifespan. As contribute be seen from the preceding parag raph, various theorists stipend attention to specific aspects of human development, for example, Erikson primarily studied the psychosocial development of the individual. In this way, they were able to spend much time in observation and preparation, thus devising the theory reliable. The theories provide a guide as to the developmental stages and expectation of each stage across the lifespan. Therefore, being aware of each theory and its basal tenets pass on arm the psychologist and leap him a birds eye view into the functioning and capabilities of the client. The theory will assist the psychologist to easier detect what may be the clients presenting problems.As with wholly theories, the theories of Lifespan Development should not be accepted as laws, but simply as guides to the developmental stages through which an individual may progress. The constant nature-nurture indicate is ever present in the study and practice of Lifespan Psychology. The individuals nature, that is, h is or her genetic put to work-up and biological predispositions as well as nurture, which is the environment in which he or she exists, (and there can be several environments, such as school, home, church) contribute to the individuals development. Because of this, the theories cannot be taken as rigid and inflexible boundaries in the psychologists practice.This paper, will discuss the application of lifespan psychology to two cases that may be faced by a counselling psychologist. I will also include discussions on how my have got experiences and development would influence my counselling ability and technique in relation to the two scenarios. The first scenario describes a 16 year old girl whose biological stimulate migrated to England when she was 5 years old. She is now living with her grandparents. Her father is unknown, and her mother has made click three times since she migrated. There has been no visitation. The 16 year old is suffering from symptoms of withdrawal, tearf ulness, and anxiety. Immediately, hamper issues spring to my mind.Attachment may be defined as the strong affectional tie between infants and their health care providers (Baron, 2001). John Bowlby did much research on fond regard in humans (1969, 1973, 1977, 1980). His theory holds that the early experiences of infants attachment become cognitively represented in the form of internal working models of the self and others. These models take in expectations or so self-worth, and the extent to which others are reachable and responsive in providing support and protection. These models continue to develop over time. He found that attachment does not emerge suddenly, but rather, develops over four phases. Based on this theory, Schaffer (1996 cited in Santrock, 2008) identified four stages of attachment bod 1 Birth to 2 months. At this stage, infants instinctively turn their attachment to humans. Even strangers are likely to elicit crying or blessed from the infant.Phase 2 2 to 7 mont hs. At this stage, attachment becomes focused on a single figure, which is usually the primary phencyclidine hydrochloride, and the baby gradually learns to secernate between familiar and unfamiliar people.Phase 3 7 to 24 months Here, specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers.Phase 4 24 months onward. Children become aware of the feelings of others, as well as others goals and plans, and they begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.In one research known as the Strange Situation done by Ainsworth (1979), based on Bowlbys attachment theory, she identified four types of attachment. Most infants show secure attachment, which center that they freely explore new environments, using the caregiver as a secure base. They may or may not cry when the caregiver leaves the room, and posterior when she returns, the babies actively seek contact with her, stop crying quickly, and soon return to previo us activities. some other group of infants, based on Ainsworths test, displayed insecure/avoidant attachment. These infants do not cry when caregivers leave the room, and react in much the same way to strangers as to their caregivers. They do not usually reestablish connection on her return. If contact is established, the infant usually leans or looks away. A third group of infants displays a pattern described as insecure/ambivalent attachment. These babies usually cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness. In the research, these infants often cling anxiously to the caregiver, cry loudly when she leaves, and push away if she tries to comfort them on her return. The final examination group of babies was described as having insecure/disorganized attachment. These babies were shown to be disorganized and disoriented. They may also appear dazed, confused and fearful.Early attachment to a caregiver is important and relates to a childs social behaviour in later development. In one study conducted by Alan Stroufe and his colleagues (2005 cited in Santrock, 2008), it was found that early secure attachment (occurring between 12 and 18 months) was linked with positive emotional health, high self-esteem, self confidence and socially competent interactions with peers, teachers, and romantic partners through adolescence. According to Santrock (2008), consistently positive parenting over a number of years is likely an important factor in connecting early attachment and the childs functioning later in development.It can be assumed that the young lady in the presented case, whom we shall call Ana, had formed an insecure attachment to her mother in her infant years. Based on the research and the presented information, Ana would more likely be socially competent, had she formed a secure attachment. This is not to rule out other factors which may have been present in her environment. However, it could be argued that her mother was not sensiti ve to genus Anas signals as an infant, and so, Ana may have developed this insecure attachment. Further to that insecure attachment, is the fact that she was left with her grandparents at the tender age of five years. Along with all of that trauma, Anas father is unknown to her and the subsequent parent-child contact with her mother was woefully insufficient. It may be that Anas mother was busy trying to manage the stresses that come with single parenthood, including how to create a financially stable environment, in the years folloprofitsg childbirth. The result Ana is now withdrawn and experiences tearfulness and anxiety which may mark the beginning of a depressive disorder.Based on the information presented in this theory, the therapy session with Ana, , would lead me, the therapist, to ask questions about the relationship she had with her mother, prior to her leaving, and also that which she has with her grandparents. Are the grandparents supportive? I would also like to know ho w Ana views herself now. What kinds of activities is she involved in? And how does she handle these activities, and flat social relationships? These questions would give insight into her feelings of self-worth and self-esteem? As therapist I would ask what changes have occurred in Anas recent life. It may be that a particular situation, such as a romantic relationship, (whether starting or ending) has brought on the feelings of anxiety and the reactions of tearfulness. Obviously, knowledge of Bowlbys theory of attachment would be helpful in managing this particular case.Another theory which may be useful in assessing Anas case is Eriksons psychosocial model. Eriksons theory is a cumulative stage theory. This means that successful completion of each stage is a prerequisite for completing the subsequent stages. Each stage is recognized as a psychological crisis which needs to be solved, with each of these crises having a positive and a negative outcome. A healthy resolution of each c risis, that is, where the outcome is positive, will lead to a mature, healthy, and emotional competent individual. For the purposes of responding to the case, I will focus only on the first and fifth stages.Trust vs. mistrust is the first psychological crisis to be resolved by the individual and focuses on age zero to 1 year old. This first stage centers around the infants basic needs being met by the parents as it depends on them, especially the mother for food, sustenance, and comfort. The infants congress understanding of society comes from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the child is exposed to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the infants view of the world will be one of trust. If this does not happen, and the caregivers fail to provide a secure environment, a sense of mistrust will result. Erikson believed the major developmental task in infancy to be learning whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food, comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust that others are dependable and reliable. If they are neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust that the world is in an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous place.This early stage in development sets the pace for subsequent victories in development across the lifespan. If Ana had learned trustThe fifth stage of Eriksons theory is identity vs. role confusion which spans the adolescence years about 10 to 20 years of age. It is at this stage, according to Erikson, that adolescents are faced with the task of deciding who they are and where they are going in life. These questions become especially important as the adolescence years are reached because adolescents face an overwhelming number of choices.As a therapist, I cannot overlook the fact that there might be situations in therapy that would remind me of some of my own issues, and my own h istory. As I look at Anas case, I am concerned about what she has faced as a child in being left by her mother, not knowing her father, and now suffering from feelings of anxiety and tearfulness. It would be lovely if every mother could be like mine. I remember my mother saying to me years ago, when a serious issue arose with a child we know, that she had had the opportunity when her children were quite young to go abroad and make a better life. However, as a young, (first child born at 16) unemployed mother, she understood the importance of mother being present and active in the lives of her children, and chose to stay.As I ponder Anas situation I would need to be mindful that not everyone will, or can make the choice that my mother did. Actually, there are many success stories involving a single parent living abroad, while their children live in Jamaica. I do know my strengths, though, and despite the fact that this case would arouse some memories for me, I would be able to maint ain clarity of thought and principle. Good professional ethics would have to win out as I would be careful not to let my values overshadow the counselling relationship, so that Anas situation can be dealt with as quickly and efficiently as possible.In the second scenario, a 25 year old male has been referred because of three counts of sexual harassment in the workplace over a 6 month period. He has inappropriately touched three women, two on the breast and one on the bottom. He expresses no remorse and believes the women are overreacting. He is a university graduate and is still living at home with his parents.

How To Communicate In A Relationship Essay -- essays research papers

How to Communicate in a Relatioship1Henry RooseMarion Fekete create verbally 1516 December, 1996The hardest skill to master in order to maintain a successful, lovingrelationship is communication. Being unable to express ones thoughts clearlyand accurately is a heavy burden to bear when trying to hold a conversation. Itoften causes misunderstandings and unnessary arguments. Plainly expressing onesthoughts is a lesson that many do not learn. The staggering number divorces inrecent years may be the effect of ill-communication. Even with all theconveyances of modern day (cellar phones, modems, pagers), important ideas,somehow are not being expressed. In a relationship one can easily misinterpreta statement and become upset. Openly expressing full thoughts, and carefullylistening to what your mate is give tongue to are two worthy and helpful tips on holdingup the communication bridge.Many times, people become frustrated at their partners lack ofunderstanding. Unfortunately, no one can r ead minds. That fact makes it of theutmost importance to be able to let your mate in on what you are thinking. Howcan he or she possib...

Strategies Of Success From Stanford :: essays research papers

Everything that has ever come about in the world, started in the beginning as an melodic theme. In order for anything to be invented, the inventor had a dream, an idea to make something that would help them and the people around them. Schools today, teach students to change the world- to take charge and stand up for things you entrust in. The former president of Stanford University, Clark Kerr, once said, The university is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas. This statement lavatory be taken two ways, both positive and negative.Well save the best for last and, for now, start with the negative. This whole statement can be taken as a pessimistic view of the future. It seems to say that we, the young men and women of the next generation, are unable to continue doing things the way they were done in the past. It seems to say that we wishing to be taught how to think, and be told that what we want to gain isnt the right thing . Its the likes of telling a little child that there is no Santa Claus- everything we believe in is completely changed. Making students safe for ideas. Reading this alone makes it seem as if Julian, Erikathe students are not smart enough to decide on his or her own which ideas to take advantage of. As if, the ideas are the ultimate prize and we, the students, are the contestants in a game show, competing to the death to have the best idea of all. It seems to say that we need to be conditioned and shown just what an idea is and what to do with one. If you compare it to a gun, for example, you need to be taught how to take proper care of a gun, what to do with one and what not to do with one. The same idea can be put as a meaning for this quote. If you look at it done my eyes, the positive side of the quote has a much bigger impact on me than the negative side does. The optimism seems to jump out at me, blazing like a beachside sunset. This entire quote seems to say, in its own way, that schools are here to show the students that their imagination is completely limitless.